Toto is one of the most recognisable dogs in popular culture, thanks to his role as Dorothy Gale’s loyal companion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its many adaptations. Created by L. Frank Baum, Toto first appeared in the original 1900 novel and went on to feature in several of Baum’s sequels, as well as in stage plays, films, television series and other works inspired by the Oz universe.

In Baum’s first book, Toto is described simply as “a little black dog with long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on either side of his funny, wee nose”. His breed is never explicitly stated, leaving room for interpretation. However, the original illustrations by W. W. Denslow depicted him as a small terrier, a visual choice that has influenced almost every portrayal since.

Toto’s role in the Oz stories is more than that of a background pet. He is often the catalyst for key events, such as when he escapes from Miss Gulch’s basket in the 1939 MGM film, setting Dorothy on the path to the tornado that carries her to Oz. In the books, he is a constant presence at Dorothy’s side, sometimes silent, sometimes speaking in later instalments. In Tik-Tok of Oz, Baum reveals that Toto can talk like other animals in Oz but chooses not to most of the time.

The most famous on-screen Toto was played by a female Cairn Terrier named Terry in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Trained by Carl Spitz, Terry performed all her own stunts and reportedly earned $125 a week, a considerable sum at the time. Her performance helped cement the image of Toto as a plucky, intelligent terrier with a strong bond to Dorothy. Terry’s success in the role led to appearances in other films, but it is her portrayal of Toto that remains iconic.

Over the decades, Toto has appeared in numerous adaptations and reimaginings. In The Wiz (1978), he was again portrayed as a small terrier, while in NBC’s 2017 series Emerald City, Toto was reimagined as a German Shepherd, reflecting a more modern and protective interpretation of the character. Animated versions, such as in Legends of Oz: Dorothy’s Return (2013), have kept closer to the traditional small-dog look.

Toto’s enduring appeal lies in his combination of loyalty, bravery and charm. He is not just a passive companion but an active participant in Dorothy’s adventures, often showing quick thinking and courage in dangerous situations. His presence reinforces the theme of friendship and the idea that even the smallest companions can have the biggest impact.

Beyond the page and screen, Toto has become a cultural symbol. He is referenced in music, television, and even political commentary, and remains a favourite character for merchandise, from plush toys to figurines. His image has also contributed to the popularity of the Cairn Terrier breed, much as Lassie did for the Collie.

More than a century after his creation, Toto continues to be a beloved figure in children’s literature and film history. Whether imagined as a scruffy terrier or a different breed entirely, his role as Dorothy’s steadfast friend ensures his place among the most famous dogs in fiction.